Difference between revisions of "Java Bytecode"
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As discussed in the steering committee, the compilation of a JBC problem based on given Java code is done manually, so the existing tools do not have to implement or use a Java compiler. | As discussed in the steering committee, the compilation of a JBC problem based on given Java code is done manually, so the existing tools do not have to implement or use a Java compiler. | ||
− | There are languages different from Java that compile to JBC (e.g. Python/Jython, Ruby/JRuby, Scala, ...). The JBC category can be filled with corresponding problems. | + | There are languages different from Java that compile to JBC (e.g. Python/Jython, Ruby/JRuby, Scala, ...). |
+ | The JBC category can be filled with corresponding problems. | ||
+ | Here, too, the source files used to generate the JBC code should be provided. | ||
== Problem definition == | == Problem definition == | ||
A JBC problem is defined by up to three parts. | A JBC problem is defined by up to three parts. | ||
* byte code | * byte code | ||
− | * | + | * source |
* start method | * start method | ||
Line 22: | Line 24: | ||
Providing the code is straightforward and is accomplished using a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAR_(file_format) .jar file] that contains all .class files needed for the analysis. | Providing the code is straightforward and is accomplished using a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAR_(file_format) .jar file] that contains all .class files needed for the analysis. | ||
=== Java Source === | === Java Source === | ||
− | This part is optional. If the | + | This part is optional. If the source for the compiled program is available, the corresponding source files are packed into a file '''source.zip''' which is then stored in the .jar file. |
=== Start Method === | === Start Method === | ||
− | Analysis starts with '''public static void main(String[] args)'''. This method is specified in the .jar file by adding a file '''META-INF/MANIFEST.MF''' including a line '''Main-Class: some | + | Analysis starts with '''public static void main(String[] args)'''. This method is specified in the .jar file by adding a file '''META-INF/MANIFEST.MF''' including a line '''Main-Class: some/package/SomeClass'''. Note that it is unclear whether the standard is slashed or dotted notation, so it may be a good idea to accept both. |
− | Using constructs like '''args.length''' or '''args[i]. | + | Using constructs like '''args.length''' or '''args[i].length()''' one gets unknown non-negative '''int''' values and can use these to create a large number of problem instances. As an example, the following code can be used to construct problems where termination of some algorithm working on lists of arbitrary length should be proved. |
public static void main(String[] args) { | public static void main(String[] args) { | ||
Line 33: | Line 35: | ||
List list = new List(args.length); | List list = new List(args.length); | ||
− | // | + | // work on the created list |
doSomething(list); | doSomething(list); | ||
} | } | ||
− | == | + | == Participants == |
− | [ | + | In the 2009 competition the tools |
+ | [[Tools:Julia|Julia]], | ||
+ | [http://costa.ls.fi.upm.es/costa/costa.php COSTA] and | ||
+ | [[Tools:AProVE|AProVE]] took part in the JBC categories. | ||
== Details == | == Details == | ||
+ | === Version === | ||
+ | The bytecode major version must be 50 (Java 6) or lower. Version 51 (Java 7) is not allowed. | ||
+ | |||
=== Errors and Exceptions === | === Errors and Exceptions === | ||
In most cases, an instance of '''java.lang.Error''' thrown by the JVM is undesired behaviour. | In most cases, an instance of '''java.lang.Error''' thrown by the JVM is undesired behaviour. | ||
Line 46: | Line 54: | ||
=== Considered Types === | === Considered Types === | ||
− | Exactly the types provided in the .jar file are considered, with a few | + | Exactly the types provided in the .jar file are considered, with a few additions needed for basic examples. |
− | additions needed for basic | ||
− | The list of considered classes can be extended in the future to allow for more advanced | + | The list of considered classes can be extended in the future to allow for more advanced examples, e.g. involving '''System.out.println(...)''' and other "library" code. |
− | + | All additional class files are taken from a Debian version of | |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | All additional class files are taken from | ||
OpenJDK [1]. | OpenJDK [1]. | ||
Line 67: | Line 69: | ||
'''java.util.Comparator''', and '''java.io.ObjectStreamField'''. | '''java.util.Comparator''', and '''java.io.ObjectStreamField'''. | ||
− | Furthermore, all the exceptions/errors mentioned in the JVMS | + | Furthermore, usage of all the exceptions/errors mentioned in the JVMS is allowed (all in '''java.lang.*'''): |
− | + | * AbstractMethodError | |
− | * | ||
* ArithmeticException | * ArithmeticException | ||
+ | * ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException | ||
* ArrayStoreException | * ArrayStoreException | ||
− | |||
* ClassCastException | * ClassCastException | ||
+ | * IllegalAccessError | ||
+ | * IncompatibleClassChangeError | ||
* NegativeArraySizeException | * NegativeArraySizeException | ||
* NoClassDefFoundError | * NoClassDefFoundError | ||
− | |||
* NoSuchFieldError | * NoSuchFieldError | ||
− | |||
* NoSuchMethodError | * NoSuchMethodError | ||
− | * | + | * NullPointerException |
Because all array types implement '''java.lang.Cloneable''' and | Because all array types implement '''java.lang.Cloneable''' and | ||
− | '''java.io.Serializable''', these interfaces must also be | + | '''java.io.Serializable''', these interfaces must also be allowed. |
The following types are part of the hierarchy of a type | The following types are part of the hierarchy of a type | ||
mentioned before, so they must be included (all in '''java.lang.*'''): | mentioned before, so they must be included (all in '''java.lang.*'''): | ||
− | * | + | * CharSequence |
− | * | + | * Comparable |
+ | * Error | ||
* Exception | * Exception | ||
− | |||
− | |||
* IndexOutOfBoundsException | * IndexOutOfBoundsException | ||
* LinkageError | * LinkageError | ||
− | * | + | * Object |
− | * | + | * RuntimeException |
+ | * Throwable | ||
==== Native Methods ==== | ==== Native Methods ==== | ||
Line 104: | Line 105: | ||
The remaining native methods are not considered (all in '''java.lang.*'''): | The remaining native methods are not considered (all in '''java.lang.*'''): | ||
+ | * Object.clone()Ljava/lang/Object; | ||
+ | * Object.getClass()Ljava/lang/Class; | ||
* Object.hashCode()I | * Object.hashCode()I | ||
− | * Object. | + | * Object.notifyAll()V |
− | |||
* Object.notify()V | * Object.notify()V | ||
− | |||
* Object.wait(J) | * Object.wait(J) | ||
* String.intern()Ljava/lang/String; | * String.intern()Ljava/lang/String; | ||
Line 114: | Line 115: | ||
==== Example ==== | ==== Example ==== | ||
− | As an example, | + | As an example, examples calling |
− | '''java.lang.Object.equals(Ljava/lang/Object;)Z''' | + | '''java.lang.Object.equals(Ljava/lang/Object;)Z''' are allowed, but the method |
− | '''java.lang.Object.toString()Ljava/lang/String;''' | + | '''java.lang.Object.toString()Ljava/lang/String;''' may not be called because the class |
'''java.lang.StringBuilder''' is unknown. | '''java.lang.StringBuilder''' is unknown. | ||
Line 157: | Line 158: | ||
=== Opcodes === | === Opcodes === | ||
− | All opcodes | + | All opcodes are allowed, with the following exceptions. |
− | exceptions. | ||
− | * The opcodes '''LDC (0x12)''' and '''LDC_W (0x13)''' are not allowed in the variants that return a '''String''' or '''Class''' instance. | + | * The opcodes '''LDC (0x12)''' and '''LDC_W (0x13)''' are not allowed in the variants that return a '''String''' or '''Class''' instance. These variants are problematic, because they may return some already known instance. |
− | * The opcode '''INVOKEDYNAMIC (0xBA)''' is not part of the instruction set | + | * The opcode '''INVOKEDYNAMIC (0xBA)''' is not part of the instruction set of Java 6, so it is not allowed. |
* The opcodes '''MONITORENTER (0xC2)''' and '''MONITOREXIT (0xC3)''' only make sense when using multithreading. Furthermore, correct handling of '''MONITOREXIT''' is more involved. As a result, these two opcodes are not allowed. | * The opcodes '''MONITORENTER (0xC2)''' and '''MONITOREXIT (0xC3)''' only make sense when using multithreading. Furthermore, correct handling of '''MONITOREXIT''' is more involved. As a result, these two opcodes are not allowed. | ||
* The reserved opcodes '''BREAKPOINT (0xCA)''', '''IMPDEP1 (0xFE)''', '''IMPDEP2 (0xFF)''' are not allowed. | * The reserved opcodes '''BREAKPOINT (0xCA)''', '''IMPDEP1 (0xFE)''', '''IMPDEP2 (0xFF)''' are not allowed. | ||
Line 176: | Line 176: | ||
=== Categories === | === Categories === | ||
− | + | The JBC problems are divided into two categories. | |
− | contains | + | One category contains all examples that make use of recursion, whereas all examples in the other category do not use recursion at all. |
− | recursion. The reason is that recursion poses a special problem for the | + | |
+ | The reason is that recursion poses a special problem for the | ||
analysis since one has to handle the call stack properly. We think that | analysis since one has to handle the call stack properly. We think that | ||
it is interesting to evaluate the performance of termination analyzers | it is interesting to evaluate the performance of termination analyzers | ||
Line 186: | Line 187: | ||
All input problems must pass the bytecode verification process. Therefore, | All input problems must pass the bytecode verification process. Therefore, | ||
the analyzers do not need to verify the given bytecode. | the analyzers do not need to verify the given bytecode. | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Category:Categories]] |
Latest revision as of 11:21, 31 January 2013
This page is to record the current status of the Java Bytecode (JBC) Category of the Termination Competition. (Discussion should take place on the termtools mailing list.)
Contents
Java vs. Java Bytecode
Every Java problem can be compiled into an equivalent Java Bytecode problem. For technical reasons, the current tools only work on this compiled version of the original program. However, the result of the analysis also gives information about the termination behaviour of the original Java program.
Every JBC problem that resulted out of Java source code should include this source in addition to the compiled class files. This way we can communicate that we are interested in termination analysis of a real imperative programming language.
As discussed in the steering committee, the compilation of a JBC problem based on given Java code is done manually, so the existing tools do not have to implement or use a Java compiler.
There are languages different from Java that compile to JBC (e.g. Python/Jython, Ruby/JRuby, Scala, ...). The JBC category can be filled with corresponding problems. Here, too, the source files used to generate the JBC code should be provided.
Problem definition
A JBC problem is defined by up to three parts.
- byte code
- source
- start method
Code
Providing the code is straightforward and is accomplished using a .jar file that contains all .class files needed for the analysis.
Java Source
This part is optional. If the source for the compiled program is available, the corresponding source files are packed into a file source.zip which is then stored in the .jar file.
Start Method
Analysis starts with public static void main(String[] args). This method is specified in the .jar file by adding a file META-INF/MANIFEST.MF including a line Main-Class: some/package/SomeClass. Note that it is unclear whether the standard is slashed or dotted notation, so it may be a good idea to accept both.
Using constructs like args.length or args[i].length() one gets unknown non-negative int values and can use these to create a large number of problem instances. As an example, the following code can be used to construct problems where termination of some algorithm working on lists of arbitrary length should be proved.
public static void main(String[] args) { // create list of given length List list = new List(args.length); // work on the created list doSomething(list); }
Participants
In the 2009 competition the tools Julia, COSTA and AProVE took part in the JBC categories.
Details
Version
The bytecode major version must be 50 (Java 6) or lower. Version 51 (Java 7) is not allowed.
Errors and Exceptions
In most cases, an instance of java.lang.Error thrown by the JVM is undesired behaviour. If an example problem triggers this, we should consider this example as broken and not use it in the competition.
Considered Types
Exactly the types provided in the .jar file are considered, with a few additions needed for basic examples.
The list of considered classes can be extended in the future to allow for more advanced examples, e.g. involving System.out.println(...) and other "library" code.
All additional class files are taken from a Debian version of OpenJDK [1].
The class java.lang.String needs to be considered. Especially the method String.length()I is useful to construct problem instances out of the argument array of the initial method (String[] args).
To be able to initialize java.lang.String, we also need the classes java.lang.String$CaseInsensitiveComparator, java.util.Comparator, and java.io.ObjectStreamField.
Furthermore, usage of all the exceptions/errors mentioned in the JVMS is allowed (all in java.lang.*):
- AbstractMethodError
- ArithmeticException
- ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
- ArrayStoreException
- ClassCastException
- IllegalAccessError
- IncompatibleClassChangeError
- NegativeArraySizeException
- NoClassDefFoundError
- NoSuchFieldError
- NoSuchMethodError
- NullPointerException
Because all array types implement java.lang.Cloneable and java.io.Serializable, these interfaces must also be allowed.
The following types are part of the hierarchy of a type mentioned before, so they must be included (all in java.lang.*):
- CharSequence
- Comparable
- Error
- Exception
- IndexOutOfBoundsException
- LinkageError
- Object
- RuntimeException
- Throwable
Native Methods
To initialize Object, we need to implement the native method Object.registerNatives()V. This method is implemented "no-op". To actually throw instances of Exception (or Throwable in general), the native method Throwable.fillInStackTrace()V needs to be implemented. This method, too, is implemented as "no-op".
The remaining native methods are not considered (all in java.lang.*):
- Object.clone()Ljava/lang/Object;
- Object.getClass()Ljava/lang/Class;
- Object.hashCode()I
- Object.notifyAll()V
- Object.notify()V
- Object.wait(J)
- String.intern()Ljava/lang/String;
Example
As an example, examples calling java.lang.Object.equals(Ljava/lang/Object;)Z are allowed, but the method java.lang.Object.toString()Ljava/lang/String; may not be called because the class java.lang.StringBuilder is unknown.
Included Files
- java/io/ObjectStreamField.class
- java/io/Serializable.class
- java/lang/AbstractMethodError.class
- java/lang/ArithmeticException.class
- java/lang/ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.class
- java/lang/ArrayStoreException.class
- java/lang/CharSequence.class
- java/lang/ClassCastException.class
- java/lang/Cloneable.class
- java/lang/Comparable.class
- java/lang/Error.class
- java/lang/Exception.class
- java/lang/IllegalAccessError.class
- java/lang/IncompatibleClassChangeError.class
- java/lang/IndexOutOfBoundsException.class
- java/lang/LinkageError.class
- java/lang/NegativeArraySizeException.class
- java/lang/NoClassDefFoundError.class
- java/lang/NoSuchFieldError.class
- java/lang/NoSuchMethodError.class
- java/lang/NullPointerException.class
- java/lang/Object.class
- java/lang/RuntimeException.class
- java/lang/String$CaseInsensitiveComparator.class
- java/lang/String.class
- java/lang/Throwable.class
- java/util/Comparator.class
[1]: rt.jar in:
openjdk-6-jre-headless_6b11-9.1+lenny2_amd64.deb: http://packages.debian.org/lenny/amd64/openjdk-6-jre-headless/download Exact Size 22423776 Byte (21.4 MByte) MD5 checksum 645caac427ee007eed470895fc12ab9e SHA1 checksum f2cbf934681503b648f7dceb662e086a3bda5767 SHA256 checksum 349a2a500d01574906d96ca7a8ee2486415d1aba5bf2c3e4c0cc2fe8a5c00efd
Opcodes
All opcodes are allowed, with the following exceptions.
- The opcodes LDC (0x12) and LDC_W (0x13) are not allowed in the variants that return a String or Class instance. These variants are problematic, because they may return some already known instance.
- The opcode INVOKEDYNAMIC (0xBA) is not part of the instruction set of Java 6, so it is not allowed.
- The opcodes MONITORENTER (0xC2) and MONITOREXIT (0xC3) only make sense when using multithreading. Furthermore, correct handling of MONITOREXIT is more involved. As a result, these two opcodes are not allowed.
- The reserved opcodes BREAKPOINT (0xCA), IMPDEP1 (0xFE), IMPDEP2 (0xFF) are not allowed.
Overflows
Integer overflows and related problems are not handled. This means proving termination of the following Java program snippet is not considered to be wrong.
int i = 0; while (i <= 2147483647) { i++; }
Categories
The JBC problems are divided into two categories. One category contains all examples that make use of recursion, whereas all examples in the other category do not use recursion at all.
The reason is that recursion poses a special problem for the analysis since one has to handle the call stack properly. We think that it is interesting to evaluate the performance of termination analyzers separately for programs with and without recursion.
Verification
All input problems must pass the bytecode verification process. Therefore, the analyzers do not need to verify the given bytecode.